Efeito de uma sessão de hidroginástica na resposta hipotensora em idosas normotensas e hipertensas / Effect of a water-based exercise session on hypotensive response in normotensive and hypertensive elderly women

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito hipotensor de uma sessão de hidroginástica em idosas normotensas e hipertensas de estágio 1. Método: Vinte e oito idosas fisicamente independentes distribuídas nos grupos normotensas (N, n:10) e hipertensas (H, n:18), foram submetidas a uma sessão de hidroginástica com duração de 45 minutos, sendo a intensidade monitorada pela percepção subjetiva de esforço. Foram analisadas a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), pressão arterial média e duplo produto. As diferenças foram analisadas pelo teste t de student ou ANOVA-two way com medidas repetidas, com nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados: Foi identificado efeito no tempo, grupo e interação somente na PAS (p<0,05). Sessenta minutos após a prática de hidroginástica foi observada a redução significativa da PAS e PAD somente no grupo hipertensas. Conclusão: Uma sessão aguda de hidroginástica foi promoveu redução das pressões sistólica, diastólica, média e do duplo produto somente nas idosas hipertensas.

Objective: The aim of the study was to verify the hypotensive effect of a water aerobics session in normotensive and stage 1 hypertensive elderly women. Method: twenty-eight physically independent elderly women divided into two groups: normotensive (N, n:10) and hypertensive (H, n:18) were submitted to water based exercise session lasting 45 minutes, the intensity being monitored by the subjective perception of exertion. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were analyzed. Differences were analyzed by t-test or repeated measures ANOVA as appropriate and significance level of p<0.05. Results: Sixty minutes after water aerobics, a significant reduction in SBP and DBP was found only in the hypertensive group. However, an effect on time, group and interaction was identified only on PAS. Conclusion: an acute water aerobics session was able to promote a reduction in systolic, diastolic, mean and double product pressures only in hypertensive elderly women.

The effect of high-intensity interval training on post-exercise oxygen consumption: a meta-analysis / Efecto del entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad sobre el consumo de oxígeno después delejercicio: metaanálisis / Efeito do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade sobre o consumo de oxigênio depois do exercício: metanálise

ABSTRACT Introduction: The objective of this study was to present a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare total excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) for two training intervention models in healthy individuals, and the secondary objective was to understand whether oxygen consumption after exercise could really promote a meaningful help. Design: To design a meta-analysis review to compare two training intervention models (experimental: high-intensity interval training; and control: continuous moderate-intensity) and their effects on total EPOC in healthy individuals. Participants: Seventeen studies were considered to be of good methodological quality and with a low risk of bias. Methods: Literature searches were performed using the electronic databases with no restriction on year of publication. The keywords used were obtained by consulting Mesh Terms (PubMed) and DeCS (BIREME Health Science Descriptors). Results: The present study findings showed a tendency (random-effects model: 0.87, 95%-CI [0.35,1.38], I2=73%, p<0.01) to increase EPOC when measured following high-intensity interval training. Conclusions: Our study focused on the analysis of high- and moderate-intensity oxygen uptake results following exercise. Despite the growing popularity of high-intensity interval training, we found that the acute and chronic benefits remain limited. We understand that the lack of a standard protocol and standard training variables provides limited consensus to determine the magnitude of the EPOC. We suggest that longitudinal experimental studies may provide more robust conclusions. Another confounding factor in the studies investigated was the magnitude (time in minutes) of VO2 measurements when assessing EPOC. Measurement times ranged from 60 min to 720 min. Longitudinal studies and controlled experimental designs would facilitate more precise measurements and correct subject numbers would provide accurate effect sizes. Systematic reviewb of Level II studies.

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RESUMO Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma revisão sistemática e metanálise para comparar os efeitos de dois modelos de intervenção de treinamento sobre o consumo excessivo de oxigênio pós-exercício (EPOC) em indivíduos saudáveis em treinamento, e o objetivo secundário foi entender se o consumo de oxigênio depois de exercício realmente pode proporcionar ajuda substancial. Objetivo: Elaborar uma revisão de metanálise para comparar um modelo de treinamento de duas intervenções (experimental: treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade, e controle: contínuo de intensidade moderada) e o efeito sobre o EPOC total em indivíduos saudáveis. Participantes: Os 17 estudos foram considerados de boa qualidade metodológica e baixo risco de viés. Métodos: As buscas bibliográficas foram realizadas nos bancos de dados eletrônicos sem restrição de ano de publicação. Os descritores usados foram obtidos em MeSH (PubMed) e DeCS (Descritores em Ciências da Saúde da BIREME). Resultados: Os achados do presente estudo mostraram uma tendência (modelo de efeitos aleatórios: 0,87, IC 95% [0,35;1,38], I ² = 73%, p < 0,01) de aumento do EPOC quando as medidas foram realizadas depois de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade. Conclusões: Nosso estudo concentrou-se na análise dos resultados de alta e moderada intensidade no consumo de oxigênio depois do exercício. Apesar da crescente popularidade do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade, descobrimos que os benefícios agudos e crônicos permanecem limitados. Entendemos que a falta de um protocolo e variáveis padronizadas de treinamento fornecem consenso limitado para determinar a magnitude do EPOC. Sugerimos que estudos experimentais longitudinais podem fornecer conclusões mais robustas. Outro fator de confusão nos estudos investigados foi a magnitude (tempo em minutos) das medidas do VO2na avaliação do EPOC. Os tempos de medição variaram de 60 a 720 min. Estudos longitudinais e projetos experimentais controlados facilitariam medições mais precisas e números corretos de indivíduos forneceriam tamanhos de efeito precisos. Nível de evidência II; Revisão sistemáticabde Estudos.

Relationship of speed and unilateral vertical jump performance of basketball athletes / Relação entre a velocidade e desempenho de salto vertical unilateral de atletas de basquetebol

Abstract Basketball is a sport practiced around the world in this way, performances tests especially with low-cost and accessible are suggested to adjust the training. The 00aim of present study was to evaluate and correlate the speed and jump performance of lower limbs of basketball athletes from the Praia Grande, city of São Paulo, Brazil. Twelve male athletes (6.92 ± 2.57 years of pratice) from the Basketball team of Praia Grande City, aged 18.7 ± 0.6 years, height 1.85 ± 0.06, body mass 83.66 ± 10.16 kg were evaluated. The athletes were submitted to test sessions using the protocol for evaluating the maximum speed of 20 meters and the unilateral vertical jump. The speed on 20 meter test was 3.53 ± 0.20 seconds. Although an asymmetry of 17.81 ± 14.64% was found, no statistical difference (p = 0.817) was found between the dominant (36.50 ± 7.36 cm) and non-dominant (35.92 ± 5.63 cm) of vertical jump performance. Additionally, correlation between 20-meter test and values jump was found to dominant leg (p = 0.042) but not to non-dominant leg (p = 0.704). In conclusion, although asymmetry was found between members of the dominant and non-dominant side of the pitch, did not show any difference in the vertical jump.

Resumo O basquete é um esporte praticado em todo o mundo, desta forma, testes de desempenho principalmente com baixo custo e acessíveis são sugeridos para adequar o treinamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e correlacionar a velocidade e o desempenho de salto de membros inferiores de atletas de basquetebol da cidade da Praia Grande, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram avaliados 12 atletas do sexo masculino (6,92 ± 2,57 anos de prática) da equipe de Basquetebol da Cidade de Praia Grande, com idade 18,7 ± 0,6 anos, estatura 1,85 ± 0,06, massa corporal 83,66 ± 10,16 kg. Os atletas foram submetidos a sessões de testes utilizando o protocolo de avaliação da velocidade máxima de 20 metros e do salto vertical unilateral. A velocidade no teste de 20 metros foi de 3,53 ± 0,20 segundos. Embora tenha sido encontrada uma assimetria de 17,81 ± 14,64%, não foi encontrada diferença estatística (p = 0,817) entre o desempenho do salto vertical dominante (36,50 ± 7,36 cm) e não dominante (35,92 ± 5,63 cm). Além disso, foi encontrada correlação entre o teste de 20 metros e os valores de salto para perna dominante (p = 0,042), mas não para perna não dominante (p = 0,704). Em conclusão, embora tenha sido encontrada assimetria entre membros do lado dominante e não dominante do campo, não houve diferença no salto vertical

Are physical inactivity, sitting time and screen time associated with obstructive sleep apnea in adults? A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Sitting time, screen time and low physical activity (PA) levels have been associated with several diseases and all-cause mortality. PA is related to better sleep quality and absence of daytime sleepiness, along with lower risks of obstructive syndrome apnea (OSA). However, studies on the relationship between sitting time, screen time and OSA are scarce in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To analyze associations between PA levels, sitting time, screen time and OSA among adults with suspected sleep disorder. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. METHODS: Data were collected from 369 adults with suspected sleep disorders who visited the hospital's neurophysiology clinic between August 2015 and January 2017. RESULTS: Correlations between hypopnea and PA indicators were demonstrated for total sitting time (0.123; P = 0.019) and total screen time (0.108; P = 0.038). There was also a correlation between latency for rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM_LAT) and total sitting time (0.103; P = 0.047) and a negative correlation between mean oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO_Avg) and total PA time (-0.103; P = 0.048). There were no associations between PA parameters and apnea-hypopnea index. After adjusting for confounding factors (body mass index, age and gender), sitting time and screen time were not associated with OSA. CONCLUSION: After adjusting for anthropometric and clinical factors, excessive sitting time or screen time was not associated with OSA in adults suspected of sleep disorders. Age, gender, hypertension, body mass index and waist circumference were associated with OSA.

Are physical inactivity, sitting time and screen time associated with obstructive sleep apnea in adults? A cross-sectional study

Abstract BACKGROUND: Sitting time, screen time and low physical activity (PA) levels have been associated with several diseases and all-cause mortality. PA is related to better sleep quality and absence of daytime sleepiness, along with lower risks of obstructive syndrome apnea (OSA). However, studies on the relationship between sitting time, screen time and OSA are scarce in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To analyze associations between PA levels, sitting time, screen time and OSA among adults with suspected sleep disorder. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. METHODS: Data were collected from 369 adults with suspected sleep disorders who visited the hospital's neurophysiology clinic between August 2015 and January 2017. RESULTS: Correlations between hypopnea and PA indicators were demonstrated for total sitting time (0.123; P = 0.019) and total screen time (0.108; P = 0.038). There was also a correlation between latency for rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM_LAT) and total sitting time (0.103; P = 0.047) and a negative correlation between mean oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO_Avg) and total PA time (-0.103; P = 0.048). There were no associations between PA parameters and apnea-hypopnea index. After adjusting for confounding factors (body mass index, age and gender), sitting time and screen time were not associated with OSA. CONCLUSION: After adjusting for anthropometric and clinical factors, excessive sitting time or screen time was not associated with OSA in adults suspected of sleep disorders. Age, gender, hypertension, body mass index and waist circumference were associated with OSA.

Stress level and heart rate variability in police post-occurrence of bank robbery: an experience report.

Introduction: The expectation of armed confrontation is among the most stressful elements in police work. Knowledge about perceived stress and cardiovascular markers in police officers comes from simulations. However, to date, information about psychophysiological responses during high-risk occurrences is scarce. Objectives: To assess stress levels and heart rate variability in policemen before and afer atending a bank robbery. Methods: Elite police officers (30.4 ± 3.7yrs) filled in a stress questionnaire and had their heart rate variability monitored at the beginning (7:00 am) and at the end (7:00 pm) of a work shif. At about 5:30 pm, these policemen were called to respond to a bank robbery in progress. Results: No significant changes in sources or symptoms of stress were found between before and afer the incident. However, statistical reductions were found in heart rate range interval (R-R interval [-13.6%]), pNN50 (-40.0%), and low frequency (-28%) and the low frequency/high frequency ratio increased (200%). These results suggest that although no change in the level of perceived stress was found, a significant reduction in heart rate variability may be atributed to a reduction in activation of the parasympathetic system. Conclusions: The expectation of armed confrontation is among the most stressful occurrences in police work. Research knowledge about perceived stress and cardiovascular markers in police officers comes from simulations. Data on psychophysiological responses post-occurrence of high-risk scenarios are scarce. This research may help law enforcement organizations find means to monitor police officers' acute stress levels afer any high-risk occurrences.

Introdução: No trabalho policial, a expectativa do confronto armado está entre as ocorrências mais estressantes. O conhecimento sobre as alterações dos níveis de estresse e marcadores cardiovasculares são oriundas de condições simuladas. Até o momento, a descrição das reações psicofsiológicas após ocorrência de alto risco são escassas. Objetivos: Verificar o nível de estresse e a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em policiais após uma ocorrência de roubo a banco. Métodos: Oito policiais de elite (30,4±3,7 anos) preencheram um questionário de estresse e tiveram sua variabilidade da frequência cardíaca monitoradas no início (7h) e no final (19h) do turno de trabalho. Entretanto, por volta das 17h30, esses policiais atenderam uma ocorrência de roubo a banco. Resultados: Não foram encontradas alterações significantes entre o início e o final do plantão para as fontes e sintomas de estresse. Entretanto, houve redução significante para o intervalo da variação de frequência cardíaca [intervalo R-R (-13.6%)], pNN50 (-40.0%), baixa frequência (-28%) e aumento para razão baixa frequência/alta frequência (+200%). Dessa forma, nossos resultados sugerem que embora nenhuma mudança no nível de estresse percebido tenha sido encontrada, uma redução importante na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca pode ser atribuída a uma redução na ativação do sistema parassimpático. Conclusões: A associação de indicadores qualitativos e quantitativos (questionário e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca) contribui para um melhor entendimento de como gerenciar e treinar as habilidades emocionais dos policiais. Esta pesquisa pode ajudar as organizações de aplicação da lei a encontrar propostas para monitorar os níveis de estresse agudo dos policiais após qualquer ocorrência de alto risco.

Consumption of nutritional supplements by teenagers attending gyms supplements and exercise in teenagers / Consumo de suplementos nutricionais por adolescentes frequentadores de academias

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the supplements used by adolescents in gyms in the city of São Paulo and the factors related to their use. Methods: Participants were 1,012 adolescents of both sexes, aged between 13 and 18 years old, all of them regular regulars at gyms in the city of São Paulo. For data collection, a questionnaire was used to identify the main supplements consumed by adolescents. The chi-square test was used to verify possible associations with a significance of p<0.05. Results: The use of supplements was more frequent in the age group between 16 and 18 years, in the socioeconomic level B, and the use of these supplements was higher as the time of exercise in the gym was longer (>12 months). The amount of exercise modalities practiced in the gym was inversely associated with the use of supplements. Male adolescents consumed significantly more supplements than females, and Physical Education professionals, friends and parents were the ones who most influenced adolescents to use supplements. The main supplements used by the boys were carbohydrate gel (90.9%) and hypercaloric (94.5%). In girls it was fat burner (55.0%) and vitamins and minerals (50.0%). Conclusion: The use of supplements was common among adolescents who exercise in gyms in São Paulo and the indication was made by physical education professional.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os suplementos utilizados por adolescentes em academias da cidade de São Paulo e os fatores relacionados à sua utilização. Métodos: Participaram 1.012 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idade variando entre 13 e 18 anos, sendo todos frequentadores regulares de academias de ginástica na cidade de São Paulo. Para coletada de dados, foi utilizado um questionário com objetivo de identificar os principais suplementos consumidos pelos adolescentes. Utilizou-se o teste Qui Quadrado para verificar possíveis associações com significância de p<0,05. Resultados: O uso de suplementos foi mais frequente na faixa etária entre 16 e 18 anos, no nível socioeconômico B, e, o uso desses suplementos foi mais alto a medida que o tempo de prática de exercício na academia foi maior (>12 meses). A quantidade de modalidades de exercício praticada na academia esteve inversamente associada ao uso de suplementos. Adolescentes do sexo masculino consumiram significativamente mais suplementos do que o sexo feminino, e, os profissionais de Educação Física, amigos e pais foram os que mais influenciaram os adolescentes para o uso de suplementos. Os principais suplementos utilizados pelos meninos foram o gel de carboidrato (90,9%) e hipercalóricos (94,5%). Nas meninas foram o fat burner (55,0%) e vitaminas e minerais (50,0%). Conclusão: O uso de suplementos foi comum entre adolescentes praticantes de exercícios em academias de São Paulo e a indicação foi feita basicamente por profissionais de educação física.

Determination of somatotype and physical activity level in frailty older adults

Abstract Aim: To determine the somatotype profile and level of physical activity in older adults. Methods: Seventy-two older adults were divided into two groups: frail (F = 33) and non-frail (NF = 39). Frailty status was determined using the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI), somatotype using the Heath and Carter method, and physical activity by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: Somatotype analysis showed a predominance of endomorphy (F = 6.54 ± 1.65 vs NF = 6.12 ± 2.07 p ≤ 0.350) followed by mesomorphy (F = 3.44 ± 1.62 vs NF = 3.15 ± 2.19, p ≤ 0.531) and ectomorphy (F = 0.82 ± 0.99 vs NF = 0.95 ± 0.86 p ≤ 0.163), but no significant differences were observed between groups. Regarding PA, twenty-eight participants (84.7%) of the F group were classified as sedentary and insufficiently active and twenty-one (53.8%) of NF were classified as active and very active. This difference in PA explains the higher total energy expenditure found in NF (median 1,087.43; IAQ = 3,954.30) when compared to F (median = 0.0; IAQ = 462.64 p ≤ 0.001). The frailty group presented a higher endomorphic component as well as lower levels of physical activity and energy expenditure. Conclusion: Endomorphy was the predominant somatotype in F and NF older adults, followed by mesomorphy and actomorphy this profile can affect activities of daily living, functional capacity, and independent living and be associated with chronic diseases.

Physiological responses of three strength training methods in trained individuals / Respostas fisiológicas de três métodos de treinamento de força em indivíduos treinados

Abstract Strength training is an integral part of training programs for aesthetics and sports performance. Although experiments compare the responses of some methods, there is a lack of studies that analyze the time of execution, the recovery and perceptions of pain and exertion. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the metabolic and physiological responses of traditional, drop set and blood flow restriction training. The sample consisted of 16 trained men aged 32 ± 10,5 and minimum of 3 years of continuous and regular practice of ST. Data were collected in 4 days, being the first one assigned to maximum load testing and the following 3 days we analyzed randomly the drop set, blood flow restriction and traditional training methods. Blood lactate was analyzed after the training session. Pre and post intervention arm circumference, heart rate and total time, perceived pain and exertion rating scales, repetition and total volumes. Results showed no significant difference on repetitions number between blood flow restriction and drop set methods but total volume and time were significantly higher on drop set. The highest blood lactate value was found on drop set despite the other methods also show high values. Blood flow restriction and drop set showed significant difference regarding to traditional method on post exercise subjective exertion rating scale, a fact that relates with the highest total volume, mostly on drop set.

Resumo O treinamento de força é parte integrante dos programas de treinamento para estética, e desempenho esportivo. Embora experimentos comparem as respostas de alguns métodos, faltam estudos que analisem o tempo de execução, a recuperação e as percepções de dor e esforço. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar as respostas metabólicas e fisiológicas do treinamento tradicional, drop set e restrição de fluxo sanguíneo em indivíduos treinados. A amostra foi composta por 16 homens treinados com idade entre 32 ± 10,5 e mínimo de 3 anos de prática contínua e regular de TF. Os dados foram coletados em 4 dias, sendo o primeiro atribuído ao teste de carga máxima e nos 3 dias seguintes analisamos aleatoriamente o drop set, restrição de fluxo sanguíneo e métodos tradicionais de treinamento. O lactato sanguíneo foi analisado após a sessão de treinamento. Circunferência do braço pré e pós-intervenção, frequência cardíaca e tempo total, escalas de percepção de dor e esforço, repetições e volumes totais. Os resultados não mostraram diferença significativa no número de repetições entre os métodos de restrição de fluxo sanguíneo e drop set, mas o volume total e o tempo foram significativamente maiores no drop set. O maior valor de lactato sanguíneo foi encontrado no drop set apesar dos outros métodos também apresentarem valores elevado. A restrição do fluxo sanguíneo e o drop set apresentaram diferença significativa em relação ao método tradicional na escala subjetiva de esforço pós-exercício, fato que se relaciona com o maior volume total, principalmente no drop set.

Psychophysiological effects of different execution speeds of single bout exercise in outdoor fitness equipment performed by older men

Abstract Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different cadences of movement in ATI equipment on the psychophysiological parameters of older adults during the training session. Methods: Fifteen physically independent older men voluntarily participated in this study. Three 30-min exercise sessions were randomly distributed (5 min warm-up, 20 min exercise, 5 min cooldown), comprising exercises with different cadences low (L: 1 movement every 4 s), medium (M: 1 movement every 2 s), and high cadence (H: 1 movement per second); all with 30" of stimulus and 30" recovery using the following devices: elliptical, rower, surf/elliptical and leg press. Heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), rate of perceived recovery (RPR), and feeling scale (FS) were evaluated before and immediately after the three sessions. The difference between moments was analyzed by analysis of variance with a significance level of p < 0.0001). Results: Cadence L (56 ± 2 %) showed lower values of relative HR than M (70 ± 5%) and H (85 ± 5%), which also differed from each other. Significant differences (p < 0.01) for the area under the curve of RPE (L: 75 ± 26, M: 115 ± 16, H: 154 ± 4) and RPR (L: 173 ± 16, M: 139 ± 12, H: 97 ± 6; UA) were identified among the cadences. Statistical differences (p < 0.01) were found on RPE 30 min of the session (L: 4.2 ± 0.7 < M: 5.7 ± 0.7 < H: 7.4 ± 0.5). Conclusion: The performance of different cadences induced different psychophysiological responses in older adults undergoing exercise sessions in the ATI. The moderate cadence provided an increase in HR with values considered safe for the exercise and therefore can be recommended for this population when using this equipment.

Análise de parâmetros de programa de treinamento e lesões em corredores amadores / Analysis of training program parameters and injuries of amateur runners

A corrida de rua tem sido incentivada em função dos diferentes benefícios encontrados com a sua prática. Entretanto, ainda não está claro na literatura informações sobre programas de treinamento e lesões em praticantes entre homens e mulheres. Objetivo: Analisar e comparar os parâmetros dos programas de treinamento e a incidência de lesões entre praticantes de corrida. Métodos: O estudo transversal-retrospectivo avaliou corredores recreacionais da cidade de Vitória/ES. Os 56 voluntários (29 homens e 27 mulheres) responderam questões contendo características pessoais relacionadas a sua rotina e parâmetros de treinamento bem como lesões e ações preventivas. Resultados: Foi observado que 67,9% realizam algum tipo de treinamento preventivo para evitar lesões, 30,4% tiveram ao menos duas lesões nos últimos quatro anos, 26,8% tiveram lesões na região do joelho, 67,9% ficaram afastados pelo menos um mês por conta de lesões, 42,9% não têm queixa de dores atuais. Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo sugerem similaridade na prevalência de lesões entre corredores de ambos os sexos, bem como no programa de treinamento. (AU)

Split or full-body workout routine: which is best to increase muscle strength and hypertrophy?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of different resistance training programs on measures of muscle strength and hypertrophy. METHODS: Sixty-seven untrained subjects were randomized to one of two groups: Split Workout Routine (n=35), in which muscle groups were trained twice per week in an A/B split consisting of eight sets per session, or Full-Body Workout Routine (n=32), in which muscle groups were trained four times per week with four and eight sets per session. Both groups performed eight to 12 repetition maximum per set, with 60 seconds of rest between sets. Maximal strength and muscle thickness were assessed at baseline and after eight weeks of training. RESULTS: A significant main effect of time (pre versus post) was observed for maximal strength in the bench press and squat exercises and thickness of the elbow extensor, elbow flexor and quadriceps femoris muscles. Selected variables did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSION: Resistance training twice or four times per week has similar effects on neuromuscular adaptation, provided weekly set volume is equal.

Does the number of joints involved in exercise promote changes in energy expenditure? / O número de articulações envolvidas no exercício promove alterações do gasto calórico? / ¿el número de articulaciones involucradas en el ejercicio promueve alteraciones del gasto calórico?

ABSTRACT Introduction: The benefits of strength training (ST) include not only strength improvement but also favorable body composition changes, which has led to a considerable increase in the indication of this training method in overweight and obese individuals, and has made the investigation of outcomes attributed to different manipulations of ST variables an important task. However, acute metabolic responses related to energy expenditure (EE) associated with the manipulation of exercises which, in turn, are associated with the number of joints involved in movement, are still inconclusive. Objective: To verify the influence of the number of joints involved in movement on EE with equalized volume in ST at different intensities. Methods: This training program was held on alternate days, with a 48-hour interval between each session, and with two randomized protocols, as follows: multi joint protocol with four common exercises for ST participants compared to the single joint protocol with four exercises. Each protocol was evaluated at three training intensities (90%, 75% and 60% of 1-RM) according to the one-repetition maximum test. Results: Significant increases in EE were observed in the multi joint session as compared to the single joint session: 90% 1-RM multi joint 246.80 ± 26.17 kcal vs single joint 227.40 ± 24.54 kcal (∆ -7.86, 95% CI 7.33; 31.46; t 3.44; p <0.05); 75% 1-RM multi joint 124.13 ± 25.40 kcal vs single joint 111.80 ± 22.78 kcal (∆ -9.93, 95% CI 3.25; 21.41; t 2.91; p <0.05); 60% 1-RM multi joint 70.80 ± 6.28 kcal vs single joint 64.40 ± 6.72 kcal (∆-9.04, 95% CI 3.95; 8.84; t 5.60; p <0.05). Conclusion: Multi joint exercises may be a variable to consider when EE balance is the main target of the ST program. However, further studies are needed to supplement our findings. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic studies-Investigating a diagnostic test.

RESUMO Introdução: Os benefícios do treinamento de força (TF) incluem não apenas aumento da força, mas também modificações favoráveis na composição corporal, o que levou ao aumento considerável da indicação dessa modalidade de treinamento em indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade e tornou importante a investigação dos desfechos atribuídos a diferentes manipulações das variáveis do TF. No entanto, as respostas metabólicas agudas relacionadas com o gasto calórico (GC) associado à manipulação dos exercícios que, por sua vez, são associados à quantidade de articulações envolvidas no movimento permanecem inconclusivas. Objetivo: Verificar a influência do número de articulações envolvidas no movimento sobre o GC com volume equalizado no TF em diferentes intensidades. Métodos: Esse treinamento foi realizado em dias alternados, com intervalo de 48 horas entre cada sessão com dois protocolos randomizados, a saber, protocolo multiarticular com quatro exercícios comuns para praticantes de TF em comparação com o protocolo monoarticular com quatro exercícios. Cada protocolo foi avaliado em três intensidades (90%, 75% e 60% de 1-RM) do treinamento de acordo com o teste de uma repetição máxima (1-RM). Resultados: Foram observados incrementos significantes no GC na sessão multiarticular em comparação com a sessão monoarticular: 90% 1-RM multiarticular 246,80 ± 26,17 kcal vs. monoarticular 227,40 ± 24,54 kcal (∆ -7,86, IC de 95% 7,33; 31,46; t 3,44; p < 0,05); 75% 1-RM multiarticular 124,13 ± 25,40 kcal vs. monoarticular 111,80 ± 22,78 kcal (∆ -9,93, IC de 95% 3,25; 21,41; t 2,91; p < 0,05); 60% 1-RM multiarticular 70,80 ± 6,28 kcal vs. monoarticular 64,40 ± 6,72 kcal (∆ -9,04, IC de 95% 3,95; 8,84; t 5,60; p < 0,05). Conclusão: Os exercícios multiarticulares podem ser uma variável a considerar quando o equilíbrio do GC é o alvo principal do programa de TF. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para complementar nossos achados. Nível de evidência II; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los beneficios del entrenamiento de fuerza (EF) incluyen no sólo aumento de la fuerza, sino también modificaciones favorables en la composición corporal, lo que llevó al aumento considerable de la indicación de esa modalidad de entrenamiento en individuos con sobrepeso y obesidad y se ha vuelto importante la investigación de las conclusiones atribuidas a diferentes manipulaciones de las variables del EF. Sin embargo, las respuestas metabólicas agudas relacionadas con el gasto calórico (GC) asociado a la manipulación de los ejercicios que, a su vez, son asociados a la cantidad de articulaciones involucradas en el movimiento permanecen no concluyentes. Objetivo: Verificar la influencia del número de articulaciones involucradas en el movimiento sobre el GC con volumen ecualizado en el EF en diferentes intensidades. Métodos: Este entrenamiento fue realizado en días alternados, con intervalo de 48 horas entre cada sesión con dos protocolos aleatorizados, a saber: protocolo multiarticular con cuatro ejercicios comunes para practicantes de EF en comparación con el protocolo monoarticular con cuatro ejercicios. Cada protocolo fue evaluado en tres intensidades (90%, 75% y 60% de 1-RM) del entrenamiento de acuerdo con el test de una repetición máxima (1-RM). Resultados: Se observó un incremento significativo en el GC en la sesión multiarticular en comparación con la sesión monoarticular: 90% 1-RM multiarticular 246,80 ± 26,17 kcal vs. monoarticular 227,40 ± 24,54 kcal (∆ -7,86, IC de 95% 7,33; 31,46; t 3,44; p < 0,05); 75% 1-RM multiarticular 124,13 ± 25,40 kcal vs. monoarticular 111,80 ± 22,78 kcal (∆ -9,93, IC de 95% 3,25; 21,41; t 2,91, p < 0,05); 60% 1-RM multiarticular 70,80 ± 6,28 kcal vs. monoarticular 64,40 ± 6,72 kcal (∆ -9,04, IC de 95% 3,95; 8,84; t 5,60; p < 0,05). Conclusión: Los ejercicios multiarticulares pueden ser una variable a considerar cuando el equilibrio del GC es el objetivo principal del programa de EF. Sin embargo, más estudios son necesarios para complementar nuestros hallazgos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

Physical activity level and sedentary behavior of military police staff / Nível de atividade física e comportamento sedentário de policiais militares / Nivel de actividad física y comportamiento sedentario de policías militares

ABSTRACT Introduction: Studies of sedentary behavior in the workplace, where conditions represent a health risk, mainly involving levels of physical activity and health of police officers, have increased in several countries around the world. Objective The objective of this study was to compare the physical activity levels, sedentary behavior and health risks of military police officers involved in overt and specialized patrolling. Methods: A total of 146 military police officers involved in overt and specialized patrolling were assessed, and anthropometric data were collected for body mass - kg; height - m; BMI - kg/ m²; waist-hip ratio (WHR) and fat percentage. Physical activity and inactivity levels were determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short version 8, with statistical analysis (t-Test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-squared test, p≤0.05). Results: The mean time of physical activity - overt patrolling (108.33 ± 92.60 min/week) and specialized patrolling (137.11 ± 90.30 min/week) totaled an overall mean of 122.72 ± 91.94 min/week, p≤0.05; and time seated - overt patrolling (391.27 ± 192.90 min/week) had 30.1% of insufficiently active participants, while specialized patrolling was 319.41 ± 123.10 min/week with 17.1% of insufficiently active participants, with a total mean of 312.00 ± 112.30 min/week and 47.3% of insufficiently active participants. Active police officers are one-third less likely to develop health risk than inactive police officers (OR = 0.3, CI = 0.18-0.67). Overt patrol police officers are 3.6 more likely to develop health risk than specialized patrol police officers due to sedentary behavior (OR = 3.6, CI = 1.48-8.75). Conclusion: Both groups of military police officers have lower than recommended physical activity levels and spend most of their time seated. It was also noted that the variables of overt patrol police officers have indicators that are more detrimental to health than specialized patrol officers, yet both occupational groups should be instructed on how to adopt active and healthy lifestyles. Level of evidence II; Prognostic studies-Investigation of the effect of patient characteristics on disease outcome.

RESUMO Introdução: Estudos sobre o comportamento sedentário no ambiente laboral, cujas condições são de risco à saúde, principalmente, envolvendo níveis de atividade física e saúde de policiais, aumentaram em diversos países do mundo. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os níveis de atividade física, o comportamento sedentário e os riscos à saúde de policiais militares do patrulhamento ostensivo e do especializado. Métodos: Foram avaliados 146 policiais militares do patrulhamento ostensivo e do especializado e coletados dados antropométricos de massa corporal - kg; estatura - m; IMC - kg/m²; relação cintura/quadril (RCQ) e percentual de gordura. Os níveis de atividade e de inatividade física foram determinados pelo IPAQ, versão curta 8, com análise estatística (teste T, U de Mann-Whitney e Qui-quadrado, p≤0,05). Resultados: O tempo médio de atividade física - patrulhamento ostensivo (108,33 ± 92,60 min/sem) e do especializado (137,11 ± 90,30 min/sem) totalizou na média geral 122,72 ± 91,94 min/sem, p≤0,05; e o tempo sentado - patrulhamento ostensivo (391,27 ± 192,90 min/sem) com 30,1% de insuficientemente ativos e do especializado (319,41 ± 123,10 min/sem) com 17,1% de insuficientemente ativos, alcançando a média total de 312,00 ± 112,30 min/sem e 47,3% de insuficientemente ativos. Os policiais ativos têm um terço a menos de chance de desenvolver risco à saúde que os inativos (OR=0,3; IC=0,18-0,67). Os policiais do patrulhamento ostensivo possuem mais chances (3,6) de risco à saúde que os especializados devido ao comportamento sedentário (OR=3,6; IC=1,48-8,75). Conclusão: Ambos os grupos de policiais militares possuem níveis de atividade física abaixo do recomendado e passam a maior parte tempo na posição sentada. Observou-se também que as variáveis dos policiais do patrulhamento ostensivo possuem indicadores mais prejudiciais à saúde do que as dos especializados, entretanto, ambos os grupos ocupacionais devem ser orientados sobre adoção de estilos de vida ativo e saudável. Nível de evidência II; Estudos prognósticos-Investigação do efeito de característica de um paciente sobre o desfecho da doença.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los estudios sobre el comportamiento sedentario en el ambiente laboral, cuyas condiciones son de riesgo a la salud, principalmente involucrando niveles de actividad física y salud de policías aumentaron en diversos países del mundo. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los niveles de actividad física, el comportamiento sedentario y los riesgos para la salud de policías militares de la ronda ostensiva y especializada. Métodos: Fueron evaluados 146 policías militares de la ronda ostensiva y especializada y colectados datos antropométricos de la masa corporal - kg; estatura - m; IMC - kg/m²; relación cintura/cadera (RCQ) y porcentaje de grasa. Los niveles de actividad e inactividad física fueron determinados por IPAQ, versión corta 8, con análisis estadístico (test T, U de Mann-Whitney y Chi-cuadrado, p≤0,05). Resultados: El tiempo promedio de actividad física - ronda ostensiva (108,33 ± 92,60 min/sem) y de la especializada (137,11 ± 90,30 min/sem), totalizó en el promedio general 122,72 ± 91,94 min/sem, p≤0,05; y el tiempo sentado - ronda ostensiva (391,27 ± 192,90 min/sem) con 30,1% de insuficientemente activos y de la especializada (319,41 ± 123,10 min/sem) con 17,1% de insuficientemente activos, alcanzando el promedio total de 312,00 ± 112,30 min/sem y 47,3% de insuficientemente activos. Los policías activos tienen un tercio menos de probabilidad de desarrollar riesgo a la salud que los policías inactivos (OR=0,3, IC=0,18-0,67). Los policías de la ronda ostensiva poseen más chances (3,6) de riesgo a la salud que los especializados debido al comportamiento sedentario (OR=3,6, IC=1,48-8,75). Conclusión: Ambos grupos de policías militares poseen niveles de actividad física por debajo de lo recomendado y pasan la mayor parte del tiempo sentados. Se observó también que las variables de los policías de la ronda ostensiva poseen indicadores más nocivos para la salud que los especializados, entretanto, ambos grupos ocupacionales deben ser orientados sobre la adopción de estilos de vida activos y saludables. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios pronósticos-Investigación del efecto de característica de un paciente sobre el desenlace de la enfermedad.

Muscle strength training and prescribing in competitive tennis players: a systematic review / Prescrição e treinamento da força muscular em tenistas competitivos: revisão sistemática / Prescripción y entrenamiento de la fuerza muscular en tenistas competitivos: revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT The application of muscle strength training has been investigated for the development of physical capacities in sports. Although the use of training methods is quite clear, the act of prescribing the external training load is often not properly explained. Grass court, or lawn tennis, is a sport with considerable physical demands and strength training can help player performance. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate strength training methods and external variables in training programs in competitive tennis players. Considering the findings of this particular study, we found that muscle building workout and plyometrics in combination with exercises designed specifically for the sport (tennis drills) were the most efficient muscle strength training methods for improving different strength manifestations. Level of evidence I; Diagnostic study - Investigation of diagnostic test.

RESUMO A aplicação do treinamento de força muscular tem sido investigada para desenvolvimento das capacidades físicas em modalidades esportivas. Embora a utilização dos métodos de treinamento seja bastante clara, a prescrição da carga externa do treinamento muitas vezes não é esclarecida. O tênis de campo é uma modalidade de grande exigência física e o treinamento de força pode auxiliar no rendimento esportivo. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em investigar os métodos de treinamento de força e as variáveis externas em programas de treinamento em tenistas competitivos. Considerando os achados do presente estudo, constatamos que a musculação e a pliometria associados aos exercícios específicos da modalidade (tennis drills) foram os métodos de treinamento de força muscular mais eficientes para melhora das diferentes manifestações de força. Nível de evidência I; Estudo diagnóstico - Investigação de exame para diagnóstico.

RESUMEN La aplicación del entrenamiento de fuerza muscular ha sido investigada para el desarrollo de las capacidades físicas en modalidades deportivas. Aunque la utilización de los métodos de entrenamiento sea bastante clara, la prescripción de la carga externa del entrenamiento a menudo no es esclarecida. El tenis de campo es una modalidad de gran exigencia física y el entrenamiento de fuerza puede auxiliar en el rendimiento deportivo. De esta forma, el objetivo del presente estudio consistió en investigar los métodos de entrenamiento de fuerza y las variables externas en programas de entrenamiento en tenistas competitivos. Considerando los hallazgos del presente estudio, constatamos que la musculación y la pliometría asociadas a los ejercicios específicos de la modalidad (tennis drills) fueron los métodos de entrenamiento de fuerza muscular más eficientes para mejorar las diferentes manifestaciones de fuerza. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudio diagnóstico - Investigación de examen para diagnóstico.

Linear periodization of strength training in blocks attenuates hypertension and diastolic dysfunction with normalization of myocardial collagen content in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

BACKGROUND AND METHOD: This study evaluated the effects of a linear block strength training programme on the parameters of cardiac remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Thirty-nine rats were equally distributed in four groups: normotensive sedentary, normotensive trained, hypertensive sedentary and hypertensive trained. The strength training protocol was organized in three mesocycles of 4 weeks, with an increase in the training load organized in a linear fashion for each block, considering the weight established in the maximum loaded load test. The following parameters were evaluated: ventricular function assessed by echocardiogram, caudal blood pressure, ventricular haemodynamics and cardiac masses. Two-way analysis of variance was used to determine the differences between the group and time. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of training, the hypertensive trained group presented the following results: increased muscle strength, reduced blood pressure, reduced heart rate, isovolumetric relaxation time and total collagen content, with increased cardiac function, without promoting changes in the mass and nuclear volume of cardiomyocytes. Also, blood pressure reduction seems to be associated with both muscle strength adjustments and total load progress. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that the training programme carried out attenuated systemic arterial pressure and preserved the ventricular function of spontaneously hypertensive rats without cardiac mass change.

Reliability of an Integrated Inertial Sensor for the Continuous Measurement of Active Cervical Range of Motion in a Group of Younger and Elderly Individuals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of an integrated inertial sensor (IIS) for cervical range of motion assessment. An integrated inertial sensor was placed on the forehead center of thirty older adults (OA) and thirty younger adults (YA). Participants had to perform three continuous rotations, lateral bandings and flexion-extensions with their head. Test-retest reliability was assessed after 7 days. YA showed moderate to good agreement for rotation (0.54-0.82), lateral bending (0.74-0.8), and flexion-extension (0.74-0.81) movements and poor agreement for zero point (ZP). OA showed moderate to good agreement for rotation (0.65-0.86), good to excellent agreement in lateral bending (0.79-0.92), and poor to moderate agreement for flexion-extension (0.37-0.72). Zero point showed poor to moderate agreement. In conclusion, we can affirm that this IIS is a reliable device for cervical range of motion assessment in young and older adults; on the contrary, the ZP seems to be unreliable and the addition of an external reference point could help the subject to solve this shortcoming and reduce possible biases.

Energy expenditure and intensity of HIIT bodywork® session

Abstract Aim: Several programs using total body weight exercise methods have been applied in several populations especially using HIIT. The present study assessed the oxygen consumption, heart rate, and energy expenditure of a HIIT body work® session. Methods: Twelve male participants performed 20 minutes of a HIIT body work, consisting of 20 sets of 30 seconds of stimulation in all-out intensity, followed by 30 seconds of passive recovery. Five cycles were performed for each exercise (jumping jack, burpee, mountain climb, and squat jump). Results: The mean VO2 of the session was 34 ± 7 ml.kg.min-1 (80.35% of the VO2 peak obtained in the session). The energy expenditure of the session was 251±27 kcal (13±1 kcal.min-1) and 39 ± 8 kcal (75±1 kcal.min-1) during the recovery time. The heart rate values were 160±18 bpm (91% of the peak HR of the session) and 125±22 bpm (71%) in recovery. In addition, significant differences (p<0.05) in maximal VO2 were found between jumping jack, mountain climber, burpee and squat jump. Conclusion: Based on the present data, a HIIT bodywork® session presented energy expenditure as a typical high-intensity exercise profile.

Does whole-body electrical muscle stimulation combined with strength training promote morphofunctional alterations?

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 8 weeks of strength training (ST) combined with whole-body electrical stimulation (EMS) on morphofunctional adaptations in active individuals. METHODS: Fifty-eight volunteers were randomly distributed into the following groups: an untrained control (UN) group (n=16), an ST group (n=21) or an ST combined with EMS (ST+EMS) group (n=21). Both intervention groups (the ST and ST+EMS groups) performed 3 exercises (biceps curl, back squats and high-pulley tricep extensions) twice a week for 8 weeks. The subjects performed 3 sets of 8 to 12 maximum repetitions (MRs) with a 90-second rest duration between sets. The ST+EMS group performed the resistance training exercises wearing a whole-body suit that provided electrical stimulation at frequencies between 80-85 Hz, with a continuously bipolar impulse duration and pulse breadth of 350 µs. The intensity for each muscle group was controlled by Borg's category ratio (CR)-10 scale; the intensity started at 5-6 and eventually reached 7-8. One-repetition maximum strength (1RM) and muscle thickness (MT) were measured before and after the training intervention. MT was evaluated in the biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), and vastus lateralis (VL). RESULTS: No differences (p>0.05) were found between the ST and ST+EMS groups. Improvements (p<0.05) in the absolute values of the morphofunctional parameters after the training protocol were observed. Significant differences were found between both the intervention groups and the UN group (p<0.05). The ST+EMS group presented high percentage changes (p<0.05) in muscular strength for the 1RMsquat (43.2%, ES=1.64) and the MT of the BB (21.6%, ES=1.21) compared to the ST (20.5%, ES=1.43, 11.9%, ES=0.77) group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the combination of ST+EMS may promote alterations in muscle strength and MT in healthy active subjects.

Effects of a short-term of whole-body, high-intensity, intermittent training program on morphofunctional parameters.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have analyzed the application of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) using exercises with body weight among the morphofunctional parameters. AIM: To analyze and compare the effects of six weeks of high-intensity intermittent calisthenic training (HIICT) and moderate intensity, continuous exercise (MICT) on body composition, hypertrophy, and strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five active, healthy adults were randomized in either the HIIT group (n = 14) or the MICT group (n = 11). The HIIT group performed high-intensity intermittent calisthenic training based on full body exercise. The training session involved 5 min of warm-up followed by 20 sets of 30s all-out exercise and 30 s of passive recovery between sets. Jumping jack, mountain climber, burpee and squat jump were used. The MICT group performed continuous moderate running (5 min of warm-up followed by 20 min of running with intensity fixed at 80% of maximum heart rate). Training for both groups was performed three times weekly on nonconsecutive days. All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements and functional tests. Muscle thickness was also measured. RESULTS: There were no significant changes observed in any anthropometric measurements in both groups. Regarding the functional tests, the analysis of the percentage changes revealed advantages of HIICT over MICT in push-ups only (p = 0.02). The muscular thickness of lower and upper limbs did not present significant differences in the pre- and post-times or between groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: When compared to MICT, HIIT improved push-up effects, without generating significant changes in body composition and muscle thickness.